Associations of socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle with incident dementia and cognitive decline

Little is known about the complex associations of socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle with cognitive dysfunction.
Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) [2008-2020] and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) [2004-2018], socioeconomic status was constructed by latent class analysis using education level, total household income and wealth. Overall healthy lifestyle was derived using information on never smoking, low to moderate alcohol consumption (drinks/day: (0, 1] for women and (0, 2] for men), top tertile of physical activity, and active social contact.
A total of 12,437 and 6,565 participants from the HRS and ELSA were included (40.8% and 46.0% men and mean age 69.3 years and 65.1 years, respectively). Compared with participants of high socioeconomic status, those of low socioeconomic status had a higher risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio 3.17, 95% confidence interval 2.72-3.69 in the HRS; 1.43, 1.09-1.86 in the ELSA), and the proportions mediated by overall lifestyle were 10.4% (7.3%-14.6%) and 2.7% (0.5%-14.0%), respectively. Compared with participants of high socioeconomic status and favourable lifestyle, those with low socioeconomic status and unfavourable lifestyle had a higher risk of incident dementia (4.27, 3.40-5.38 in the HRS; 2.02, 1.25-3.27 in the ELSA) and accelerated rate of global cognitive decline (β = -0.058 SD/year; 95% CI: -0.073, -0.043 in the HRS; β = -0.049 SD/year; 95% CI: -0.063, -0.035 in the ELSA).
Unhealthy lifestyle only mediated a small proportion of the socioeconomic inequality in dementia risk in both US and UK older adults.
Source: Wang, K., Fang, Y., Zheng, R., Zhao, X., Wang, S., Lu, J., Wang, W., Ning, G., Xu, Y., Bi, Y. (2024) Associations of socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle with incident dementia and cognitive decline: two prospective cohort studies. EClinicalMedicine. 76:102831.