Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for premature coronary heart disease

A study published in the journal, Heart, Lung and Circulation, compared the prevalence of modifiable and non-modifiable coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among those with premature CHD (PCHD) and healthy individuals.
PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies and 208 primary studies were included in the review.
Individuals presenting with premature CHD (PCHD, age ≤65 years) had higher mean body mass index (MD 0.54 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.24, 0.83), total cholesterol (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.17, 0.38), triglycerides (SMD 0.50, 95% CI 0.41, 0.60) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD 0.79, 95% CI: −0.91, −0.68) compared with healthy individuals.
Individuals presenting with PCHD were more likely to be smokers (OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.51, 3.31), consumed excessive alcohol (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05, 1.86), had higher mean lipoprotein (a) levels (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.28, 0.54), and had a positive family history of CHD (OR 3.65, 95% CI 2.87, 4.66) compared with healthy individuals.
Also, they were more likely to be obese (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.32, 1.91), and to have had dyslipidaemia (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.18, 3.45), hypertension (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.28, 3.45), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.50, 3.45) compared with healthy individuals.
This meta-analysis confirms current knowledge of risk factors for PCHD. Identifying these early may reduce CHD in young adults.
Source: Adeel Khoja, Prabha H. Andraweera, Zohra S. Lassi, Zahra A. Padhani, Anna Ali, Mingyue Zheng, Maleesa M. Pathirana, Emily Aldridge, Melanie R. Wittwer, Debajyoti D. Chaudhuri, Rosanna Tavella, Margaret A. Arstall, Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Heart Disease (PCHD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Heart, Lung and Circulation, 2024, ISSN 1443-9506